Spiral-wound membrane module

Ultrasonic time-domain reflectometry (UTDR) is combined with permeate-flux, gravimetric, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements for studying calcium-sulfate dihydrate fouling in a commercial spiralwound reverse osmosis membrane module. The UTDR amplitude response is shown to be more sen

In spiral-wound membrane modules, spacers are used to enhance wall shear stress and to promote eddy mixing, thereby reducing wall concentration and fouling. Insights into the effect of spacer filaments on flow patterns in narrow channels were obtained using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code.