RO pretreatment

Inorganic fouling is a major challenge in seawater RO desalination due to its relatively high SO4/HCO3 molar ratios. In most of the recorded cases, if not all, calcium sulfate scale is dominating (>90% wt/wt) other scale types such as CaCO3, MgSO4, MgCO3, MgSiO3, SiO2 and CaPO4. However, the standar

Water shortage problems are becoming more widespread and are encouraging users to treat difficult waters and to value the reuse of wastewater. Membrane processes such as reverse osmosis (RO) have been used to treat such waters as well as sea water (SWRO). The applications, particularly for wastewate