Pharmaceuticals

Adsorption-membrane hybrid systems present an interesting alternative for the treatment of contaminated waters. This study aims to understand the role of NOM on membrane performance and on removal of pharmaceuticals during the combined application of powdered activated carbon and submerged membranes

The retention of 8 acidic and 2 neutral pharmaceuticals in nanofiltration (NF) was investigated by a loose NF membrane and a tight NF membrane. The retention change due to the exposure to chlorine was studied. The retention of pharmaceuticals was affected by the electric repulsion effect in addition