Membrane pretreatment

Reverse osmosis (RO) biofouling is a problem of biofilm development which is initiated by bacterial attachment to the membrane surface following the surface conditioning. In this study, the impact of the initial fouling layers on bacterial attachment was investigated. Both model foulants and MBR perm

Conventional processes involved in water treatment, either in water treatment plants or reverse osmosis desalination plants, have encountered several obstacles that have severely affected their performances and efficiencies. Pollution of natural water resources, increasing demand and overuse of clean