Hydraulic fracturing

• Life cycle assessment of engineered osmosis and osmotic dilution are performed • Environmental impacts of forward osmosis can be competitive with deep well disposal • The cost of FO can be significantly lower (up to 60%) than deep well disposal • FO energy demand with no upstream pretreatment is a

On-site treatment and reuse is an increasingly preferred option for produced water management in unconventional oil and gas extraction. This paper analyzes and compares the energetics of several desalination technologies at the high salinities and diverse compositions commonly encountered in produce