Ageing

An exposure to sodium hypochlorite produces chain breaking in the PSf molecules, which leads to changes to the membrane texture on the microscopic scale, and which is closely related to changes in the membrane mechanical properties. It has been shown that the mechanism

The objective of this paper is to characterise and locate the thin layer of irreversible fouling in a spiral-wound membrane of ultrafiltration of acid whey, after 8000 h of production in a French dairy. Several physico-chemical techniques as SEM-EDX, SEM-FEG, FTIR-ATR and AFM were used. Fouling was