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Temperature affects both the
equilibrium position of the precipitation reaction and the reaction
rate. In general, solubility increases with the increasing
temperature with a few notable exceptions such as CaCO3,
Ca3(PO4)2, CaSO4 and
FePO4 which are of importance in the water chemistry. To
calculate the solubility at a temperature with the equation:
 and with the van't Hoffs equation
you
can calculate the difference in solubility:
Where:
K1 = Solubility of substance with highest temperature
K2 = Solubility of substance with lowest temperature
H = Enthalpy
G = Gibbs energy
R = Ideal gas constant
T1 = Temperature of substance with highest temperature
T2 = Temperature of substance with lowest temperature
Below you will see a table and the solubility of the chemical substances
and you will notice that with most of the chemical substances the
solubility rises with the temperature.
| Name of chemical substance |
|
Solubility (g/l) |
Temperature (oC) |
| Aluminum chloride |
AlCl3 . 6 H2O |
456 |
20 |
| |
|
477 |
80 |
| Aluminum hydroxide |
Al2(OH)3 |
0.0015 |
20 |
| Aluminum sulfate |
Al2(SO4)3 . 18 H2O |
363 |
20 |
| |
|
730 |
80 |
| Ammonia |
NH3 |
520 |
20 |
| |
|
310 |
40 |
| |
|
200 |
60 |
| Ammoniumdihydrogenphosphate |
(NH4)H2PO4 |
368 |
20 |
| |
|
1207 |
80 |
| Ammonium sulfate |
(NH4)2SO4 |
754 |
20 |
| |
|
941 |
80 |
| Barium carbonate |
BaSO4 |
0.035 |
30 |
| Barium hydroxide |
Ba(OH)2 . 8 H2O |
34.8 |
20 |
| |
|
908 |
40 |
| Barium sulfate |
BaSO4 |
0.0023 |
20 |
| |
|
0.0039 |
80 |
| Calcium chloride |
CaCl2 . 6 H2O |
745 |
20 |
| |
|
1470 |
80 |
| Calcium carbonate |
CaCO3 |
0.015 |
20 |
| |
|
0.035 |
80 |
| Calcium hydroxide |
Ca(OH)2 |
1.67 |
20 |
| |
|
0.66 |
80 |
| Calcium sulfate |
CaSO4 . 2 H2O |
2.04 |
20 |
| |
|
1.8 |
80 |
|
Chloride |
Cl2 |
7.3 |
20 |
| |
|
4.5 |
40 |
| |
|
3.3 |
60 |
| |
|
2.2 |
80 |
| Hydrogen chloride |
HCl |
721 |
20 |
| |
|
633 |
40 |
| |
|
561 |
60 |
| Diammoniumhydrogenphosphate |
(NH4)2HPO4 |
686 |
20 |
| |
|
1155 |
80 |
| Disodiumhydrogenphosphate |
Na2HPO4 . H2O |
766 |
20 |
| |
|
924 |
80 |
| Iron bicarbonate |
Fe(HCO3)2 |
0.77 |
18 |
| Iron(III)chloride |
FeCl3 . 6 H2O |
919 |
20 |
| |
|
5251 |
80 |
| Iron(II)hydroxide |
Fe(OH)2 |
0.00142 |
20 |
| Iron(III)hydroxide |
Fe(OH)3 |
4.8 x 10-8 |
18 |
| Iron(II)sulfate |
FeSO4 . 7 H2O |
266 |
20 |
| |
|
438 |
80 |
| Potassium permanganate |
KMnO4 |
63.8 |
20 |
| |
|
250 |
65 |
|
Carbon dioxide |
CO2 |
1.688 |
20 |
| |
|
0.973 |
40 |
| Copper sulfate |
CuSO4 . 5 H2O |
0.576 |
60 |
| |
|
209 |
20 |
| Magnesium carbonate |
MgCO3 |
536 |
80 |
| |
|
0.084 |
20 |
| Magnesium chloride |
MgCl2 . 6 H2O |
0.06 |
100 |
| |
|
542.5 |
20 |
| Magnesium hydroxide |
Mg(OH)2 |
658.7 |
80 |
| Magnesium sulfate |
MgSO4 . 7 H2O |
0.009 |
18 |
| |
|
356 |
20 |
| Manganese bicarbonate |
Mn(HCO3)2 |
540 |
80 |
| |
|
0.8 |
20 |
| Manganese(II)hydroxide |
Mn(HCO3)2 |
0.05 |
20 |
| Manganese(IV)hydroxide |
Mn(OH)2 |
0.00043 |
20 |
| Manganese sulfate |
MnSO4 . 5 H2O |
629 |
20 |
| |
|
455 |
80 |
| Sodium bicarbonate |
NaCO3 |
95.7 |
20 |
| |
|
197 |
80 |
| Sodium carbonate (soda) |
Na2CO3 . 10 H2O |
215.8 |
20 |
| |
|
445 |
80 |
| Sodium chloride |
NaCl |
358.5 |
20 |
| |
|
380.5 |
80 |
| Sodiumdihydrogenphosphate |
NaH2PO4 . 2 H2O |
852 |
20 |
| |
|
2073 |
80 |
| Sodium fluoride |
NaF |
41 |
20 |
| Sodium hydroxide |
NaOH |
1070 |
20 |
| |
|
3137 |
80 |
| Sodium sulfate |
NaSO4 . 10 H2O |
190.8 |
20 |
| |
|
430.9 |
80 |
| Sodium sulfite |
Na2SO3 . 7 H2O |
266 |
20 |
| |
|
290 |
80 |
| Sulfur dioxide |
SO2 |
106.4 |
20 |
| |
|
55.4 |
40 |
| |
|
32.5 |
60 |
| |
|
21.3 |
80 |
|
Nitrogen |
N2 |
0.019 |
20 |
| |
|
0.0139 |
40 |
| |
|
0.0105 |
60 |
| |
|
0.0066 |
80 |
| Trisodiumphosphate |
Na3PO4 . 12 H2O |
132 |
20 |
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